IJTIHAD

Ijtihad (noun) — the endeavor of a Moslem scholar to derive a rule of divine law from the Koran and Hadith without relying on the views of other scholars; by the end of the 10th century theologians decided that debate on such matters would be closed and Muslim theology and law were frozen.

“some reform-minded Islamic scholars believe that reopening ijtihad is a prerequisite for the survival of Islam”